What is an Achilles Tendon Rupture?

The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle (gastrocnemius) and the soleus muscles of the lower leg to the heel. While tendons are strong, they are not particularly flexible, and thus can only be stretched so far before becoming inflamed, or even tearing/rupturing. An Achilles tendon rupture occurs when the force on the tendon is greater than the strength of the tendon.

Most ruptures occur during a forceful stretch of the Achilles tendon while the calf muscles contract. A rupture is especially likely to occur if the foot is ‘dorsiflexed’ (i.e., the toes are drawn away from the ground, up toward the shin) while the lower leg moves forward and the calf contracts.

Treatment of an Achilles Tendon Rupture

Partial tears are sometimes treated by surgery followed by time in a cast. A completely ruptured Achilles tendon requries surgery followed by up to 12 weeks in a cast. Since the tendon shortens as it heals, a heel lift is typically used for six or more months starting when the cast comes off. Physical therapy is also initiated at that point to help restore flexibility and strength.

What is Achilles Tendonitis?

The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscle (gastrocnemius) and the soleus muscles of the lower leg to the heel. While tendons are strong, they are not particularly flexible, and thus can only be stretched so far before becoming inflamed, or even tearing/rupturing.

Achilles tendonitis refers to inflammation of the Achilles tendon as a result of overuse. Soreness and aching of the Achilles tendon are signs that you need to reduce your activity level and rest your Achilles tendon immediately. Failure to adjust your activity level can result in the development of chronic tendonitis.

Treatment of Achilles Tendonitis

Reduce your training/activity as soon as you notice pain or tenderness of the Achilles tendon. Cease speed training and hill running and gently stretch the calf muscle when the muscle and tendon are still warm. Do not stretch excessively, as this can aggravate the problem.

Calf strengthening exercises, such as toe raises, can reduce the stress on the Achilles tendon (weak/fatigued calf muscles are shorter/tighter). Wall stretching can also help. As long as you adjust your activity level accordingly, it may not be necessary to completely stop. Consider cross-training.

In the case of a severe injury, seek the opinion of a trained medical professional.

What is a Calf Pull, Strain, or Tear?

The “calf muscle” is actually comprised of two muscles — the gastrocnemius and the soleus — located on the back of the lower leg. These muscles are together known as the triceps surae. A strained/torn calf occurs when the calf muscle is separated from the Achilles tendon. This injury most commonly occurs during acceleration or sudden changes in direction.

A calf strain is similar to an Achilles tendon rupture, but occurs higher up in the back of the leg. As with an Achilles tendon rupture, you might hear a “pop” and feel a sudden burst of pain when you strain your calf.

Treatment of a Calf Pull, Strain, or Tear

This injury is typically treated by following the R.I.C.E. regimen. Pain and inflammation can also be reduced through the use of anti-inflammatories.

Pulled calf muscles can be avoided via proper stretching/warmups. In the case of a severe injury, seek the opinion of a trained medical professional.

What is a Concussion?

The term concussion refers to a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) resulting in a temporary loss of awareness or consciousness. Concussions can result from falls in which the head strikes against an object, or when a moving object strikes the head.

The length of unconciousness may relate to the severity of the concussion, and affected individuals often have no memory of the events preceding the injury or immediately after regaining consciousness. Other symptoms include vomiting and unequally sized pupils.

Concussions are classified into five grades, as follows.

Grade I: Involves only confusion.

Grade II: Involves anterograde amnesia of less than five minutes as well as confusion.

Grade III: Involves the Grade I and II symptoms as well as retrograde amnesia and unconsciousness lasting up to 5 minutes.

Grade IV: Involves the Grade I, II, and III symptoms as well as unconsciousness lasting 5-10 minutes.

Grade V: Same as Grade IV, except unconsciousness lasts longer than 10 minutes.

Treatment of a Concussion

The best course of action depends on the severity of the concussion. In all cases, care should be taken to avoid a second blow to the head until well after the symptoms have subsided. If you are unsure of how best to proceed, a trained medical professional should be consulted for guidance.

What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

The term delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is used to describe the discomfort that is often felt 24-72 hours after exercising. While DOMS is often attributed to a buildup of lactic acid, there is little empirical support for this view.

Rather, it seems more likely that DOMS is a byproduct of microscopic tearing of muscle fibers caused by over-exertion. The extent of these micro-tears, and thus the amount of discomfort that they cause, largely depends on the type of exercise and the level of exertion.

Whatever the cause, the symptoms associate with DOMS can include muscle pain, inflammation, stiffness, and weakness.

Treatment of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Perhaps the best course of action is to prevent DOMS before it happens. Warming up before exercise and cooling down afterwards, along with proper stretching, can help to reduce the incidence and severity of DOMS. It is important to keep in mind, however, that excessive stretching can cause DOMS.

While the R.I.C.E. regimen may alleviate the symptoms associated with DOMS, the often diffuse nature of this sort of muscle soreness makes it difficult to apply in many cases. Nonetheless, there is evidence to suggest that rest, ice, compression, and elevation all have the potential to speed recovery.

Active recovery, which involves light aerobic exercise to increase blood flow throughout the body, has been suggested as a means for minimizing the occurrence of DOMS in the first place, as well as for reducing symptoms once it occurs. While anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen may be effective at reducing the discomfort and inflammation associated with DOMS, they do nothing to reduce weakness.

Finally, though massage has been suggested as an effective treatment for DOMS, the data here are mixed. Likewise, it has been suggested that nutritional supplements such as vitamin C and fish oil may help to alleviate the symptoms of DOMS, but there is little in the way of scientific support for this view.

What is a Dislocated Shoulder?

Not to be confused with a shoulder separation, a dislocated shoulder refers to removal of the ball of the humerus (upper arm bone) from the shoulder socket. Partial dislocation refers to the case in which the upper arm bone is partially in/out of the socket.

Shoulder dislocation can potentially result in the tearing of ligaments or tendons associated with the joint capsule and, in some cases, nerve damage. This injury is typically accompanied by pain, swelling, numbness, weakness, and bruising.

While a dislocation can usually be diagnosed via physical examination, x-rays are often taken to confirm the diagnosis and rule out the possibility of a bone fracture.

Treatment of a Dislocated Shoulder

Dislocated shoulders are treated by placing the ball of the humerus back into the socket of the scapula (also know as the glenoid fossa). This process, known as ‘manipulation and reduction’ (M&R), is usually accompanied by an x-ray to ensure that the reduction didn’t result in a fracture. The arm is then immobilized in a sling for several days, during which time most doctors recommend icing the shoulder 3-4 times/day.

Rehabilitation involves exercises to restore strength and range of motion. Because ligaments may have been stretched or torn, a previously dislocated shoulder is often susceptible to re-injury. Severe or repeated dislocations might require surgical repair to tighten or re-attach stretched or torn ligaments. Seek the advice of a trained medical professional.

What is Golfer’s Elbow?

Golfer’s elbow, formally known as medial epicondylitis, is similar to tennis elbow except that it affects the other side of the elbow. The primary symptom is pain at the inside of the elbow (i.e., the medial epicondyle) which can increase with the flexing of the wrist, and can also radiate down the forearm.

Golfer’s elbow is caused by overuse of the wrist flexors, which pull the hand down. This can result in small tears in the flexor tendon, which attaches to the medial epicondyle. The end result is inflammation and pain. As the tendon heals, scar tissue can form.

Golfer’s elbow is also known as Little League elbow.

Treatment of Golfer’s Elbow

The first step in treating Golfer’s Elbow is to discontinue activities that cause the pain. Following the R.I.C.E. treatment regimen is known to be helpful in reducing pain and swelling. Anti-inflammatory medications might also be helpful. In chronic cases, a cortisone injection might relieve the pain/discomfort.

Physical therapists may be able to use ultrasound to help heal the damage. They should also be able to prescribe strength and flexibility exercises. In some cases, a wrist brace or splint might be required. If non-surgical forms of treatment do not solve the problem, surgery might be recommended. Seek the advice of a trained medical professional.

What is a Groin Pull, Strain, or Tear?

A pulled groin occurs when the adductor muscles of the inner thigh are stretched beyond their limits. This stretching can result in small muscle tears that cause pain/swelling. In severe cases, these muscles can be completely torn or ruptured.

The adductors are muscles in the upper thigh that run for the pelvis to the femur. They pull the legs together when they contract, and also help to stabilize the hip joint. Proper warm up and stretching is the key to prevention of a pulled groin.

Treatment of a Groin Pull, Strain, or Tear

Groin pulls are typically treated following the R.I.C.E. regimen. Potentially aggravating activity should be avoided for 1-2 weeks following the injury. Anti-inflammatory medications can also be used to reduce pain and inflammation for up to a week following the injury.

Once inflammation subsides, a stretching program followed by a low-intensity strengthening program should be initiated. Once normal activity has been resumed, the affected region should be iced following exercise to minimize swelling.

Pulled groins can best be avoided via proper stretching/warmups, as well as post-workout stretching. In the case of a severe injury, seek the opinion of a trained medical professional.

What is a Hamstring Pull, Strain, or Tear?

The hamstring consists of three muscles that run down the back of the leg from the pelvis to the lower leg bones — the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. Hamstring injuries can range from minor strains to a total rupture of the muscle.

Hamstring pulls are caused by excessive stretching of these muscles resulting in a sudden, sharp pain in the back of the thigh. Following such an injury, the knee may not be able to extend beyond 30-40 degrees without pain.

Treatment of a Hamstring Pull, Strain, or Tear

Hamstring pulls are typically treated by the R.I.C.E. regimen. Anti-inflammatories can be used to reduce pain and inflammation. Once swelling and pain subsides, a stretching program can be initiated. The injured muscle should ultimately be rehabilitated through a strengthening program to prevent re-injury.

Pulled hamstrings can best be avoided via proper stretching/warm ups, as well as post-workout stretching. In the case of a severe injury, seek the opinion of a trained medical professional.

What are Heel Spurs?

Heel spurs are bone growths on the bottom of the heel where muscles and other soft tissue attach to the heel bone. Early signs of heel pain are typically due to plantar fasciitis. Heel spurs can develop when this pain is ignored and the chronic inflammation increases the stress on the fascia (i.e., the tough, fibrous band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the base of the toes). The end result is bone growth on the bottom of the heel.

Treatment of Heel Spurs

Conservative treatment includes taping of the foot, anti-inflammatory medications, and possibly cortisone injection. An exercise regimen, night splints, and physical therapy can be used in an attempt to reduce inflammation. Custom orthotics can be used to reduce the stress and strain on the plantar fascia, effectively reducing symptoms. If these conservative treatments fail, surgery may be indicated. In such cases, you should seek the opinion of a trained medical professional.